Major Achievements
CADRAD was established in the year 1986 following the recommendations of QRT as
an apex centre in the country for animal disease diagnosis. Various laboratories
situated in different disciplines viz. Virology, Bacteriology, Parasitology, Toxicology,
Pathology, etc. were combined together under the umbrella of CADRAD. Since its inception
CADRAD is working excellently in the area of animal disease diagnosis and a total
of 47,918 samples were analyzed in laboratories besides attending and investigating
112 outbreaks. Scientists, technical personnel’s and supporting staff work together
as a team and analyze the samples taking full case as per the standard norms. This
centre had also got ISO 9001: 2000 Certification for its Quality Management System
and followed the standards.
Activity Milestone
1986
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CADRAD established in IVRI, Izatnagar
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1999
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All India Conference of Disease Investigation Officers
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2000
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TOMBIT Workshop on ‘Biotechnology and Animal Health’
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2000
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ICAR Summer School on ‘Diagnosis of Emerging Diseases of Livestock’
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2001
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CDDL Scheme initiated by DADF, Govt. of India
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2004
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Epidemiology Division merged as a Section of CADRAD
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2004
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CADRAD was allotted separate present building
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2005
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Brain Storming Session organized on ‘TB, JD and STDs in Bovines’
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2005
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ISO 9001: 2000 Certification of CADRAD
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2008
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IAVP Conference was organized
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2010
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BSL-3 Laboratory sanctioned by DAHD&F, Ministry of Agriculture
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Virology Laboratory
Facilities Available
VIROLOGY LABORATORY
- IBR- SNT, ELISA, PCR
- PPR- SNT, ELISA, PCR
- Rabies- FAT, RT-PCR, MIT
- Bluetongue- ELISA, RT-PCR, Virus isolation
- Classical Swine Fever- ELISA, RT-PCR
- Porcine Circovirus-2- PCR
- Porcine parvovirus- PCR
- Canine parvovirus- PCR, nPCR, HA,HI
- Canine distemper- RT-PCR
- Canine adenovirus- PCR
The Virology Laboratory was started with the objective to diagnose the viral diseases
of livestock. The laboratory is having excellent cell culture facilities and maintaining
a number of cell lines namely Vero, BHK21 MDBK, MDCK and CRFK. Besides, chicken
embryo fibroblast cells are also used to isolate the viruses. Embryonated chicken
eggs are often used to isolate the viruses by inoculating through a number of routes
viz., CAM, I/V, allantoic, etc. The cell lines are sub cultured at regular intervals
and preserved in liquid nitrogen for in house use and supply to other laboratories.
A variety of tests namely AGPT for swine fever and bluetongue, competitive ELISA
for IBR and bluetongue, indirect ELISA for IBR are also available. Virus neutralization
test is used for screening of the serum samples for the presence of antibodies against
IBR and bluetongue. PCR, a latest and highly sensitive test is available to detect
the presence of viral DNA/RNA in the clinical samples such as (semen/ nasal swab
/ preputial washing) for IBR, classical swine fever, porcine parvovirus and porcine
circovirus, canine adenovirus, canine distemper virus, blood samples for bluetongue
and stool samples for CPV. Immunofluorescence tests are also available for the diagnosis
of a number of canine viral diseases viz., canine parvo, canine distemper and canine
coronavirus. Testing of potency of inactivated IBR vaccines in calves was done with
limited success and an All India Network Programme on Bluetongue is being operated.
Different inactivated vaccines using different adjuvants and inactivants are prepared
and assessed in the sheep and are under laboratory trials.
During 1986-2006, a total of 15,589 samples including 7313 for IBR, 7476 for bluetongue,
221 for swine fever, 173 for rabies, 11 for cowpox, 57 for buffalo pox, 229 for
PPR, 35 for sheep pox, 15 for goat pox, 15 for canine parvovirus and 4 for canine
distemper were received for analysis and investigation.
BACTERIOLOGY LABORATORY
BACTERIOLOGY LABORATORY
Facilities Available
- Tuberculosis- SID
- Johne’s Disease- SID, AGID, ELISA, PCR
- Brucellosis- RBPT, STAT, ELISA, PCR,Culture
- Leptospirosis- ELISA
- Campylobacteriosis- PCR, Culture
- Cultural Examination
- Antibacterial Sensitivity
As per the mandate and technical programme Bacteriology lab has meticulously investigated
many disease outbreaks in animals. The lab has isolated several bacterial agents
from clinical and morbid samples received / collected from animals all over the
country. The animals of various organized Government and non-Government farms were
tested for bacterial diseases. Moreover, this lab is also receiving samples from
Zoological Parks and sanctuary, private organizations and different divisions and
providing precise and timely diagnosis. Considering the importance of bacterial
diseases among livestock, Government has identified four bacterial diseases, out
of seven sexually transmissible diseases and policy framed is that the breedable
animals should be free from STDs. Keeping in view this, the lab developed has facilities
for detection of STDs agents utilizing molecular tools-like PCR and ELISA. Besides,
lab has been doing culture, biological and antibiotic drug sensitivity assays routinely.
The laboratory is also engaged in rapid diagnosis of Tuberculosis, Johne’s disease,
Brucellosis, Campylobacteriosis, etc. A total of 20,790 samples were analyzed during
1986-2006, in the Bacteriology Laboratory. A total of 826 samples (preputial washings,
semen, aborted foetuses and vaginal swabs) were screened for isolation of Campylobacter
spp. of which 169 (20.5%) samples yielded Campylobacter jejuni (68), C. coli (27)
and C. foetus (74). C. foetus is known pathogen of male and female reproductive
system.
Presently, lab has been analyzing more than 5000 samples (clinical, morbid, serum,
semen etc.) of different origins per year. Over the years lab has contributed precious
infectious agents/ strains for future research and vaccine development. Different
isolates of outbreaks are also maintained at this lab for further references and
epidemiological studies. It has also suggested control measures at the face of outbreaks
and prevented losses in livestock sector. The laboratory has been working for capacity
building in the form of training and practical demonstrations to laboratory diagnosticians,
microbiologists and field veterinarians of different states.
PATHOLOGY LABORATORY
PATHOLOGY LABORATORY
Facilities Available
- Hematology
- Blood Biochemistry
- Urine, CSF, Synovial Fluid Examination
- Necropsy
- Histopathology
- Molecular Pathology
- Immunohistochemistry
PATHOLOGY LABORATORY
The pathology laboratory is actively functional in CADRAD since its inception. During
1986-2006, a total of 10,945 samples were analyzed or cases investigated in pathology
laboratory, consisting 7600 morbid samples, 2202 lab. animals, 390 aborted fetuses,
217 animals for postmortem diagnosis, 186 brain for rabies diagnosis and 350 brain
for BSE diagnosis.
Disease diagnosis on morbid samples: A total of 7600 morbid samples consisting
of 984 cattle, 1096 buffaloes, 1620 sheep, 555 goats, 396 pigs, 2143 dogs, 409 horses,
and 397 wild animals were received for pathomorphological diagnosis. The samples
were originated from all states of the country.
Disease diagnosis of Laboratory Animals: During the period of 20 years, a total
of 2202 laboratory animals were received for postmortem examination and disease
diagnosis from different Division of IVRI, Izatnagar and Mukteswar including Laboratory
Animal Research Section. The laboratory animals mainly comprised of Guinea pigs,
rabbits, rats and mice.
Bovine foetal pneumonic lung
Giant Cell Pneumonia in Goat (PPR)
Aborted fetuses: During the period under report, a total of 390 aborted/
still born foetuses of cattle (356), buffaloes (12), sheep (12), goats (7) and pigs
(3) were received for postmortem examination and laboratory diagnosis. All the foetuses
were originated from Livestock Production and Management Division of this Institute.
The important disease conditions diagnosed were Chlamydiosis, peritonitis, meningitis
and still birth in sheep; still birth in goat; pnemoenteritis, enteritis, asphyxia,
ascitis, head oedema, Staphylococcosis (S. albus and S. citrus), brucellosis (B.
abortus and B. meletensis), Colibacillosis (E. coli), Proteus spp. and still birth
in cattle; Traumatic injury in buffalo; and still birth in pigs.
PM diagnosis of animals including wildlife: A total of 217 animals including
25 cattle, 10 buffaloes, 25 sheep, 27 goats, 2 horses, 29 pigs, 85 dogs and 14 wild
animals were received for postmortem and disease investigation.
Rabies diagnosis: A total of 186 rabies suspected samples were received for
diagnosis. The samples were originated from UP, UK, MP, Maharashtra, AP, Delhi,
Gujarat, Rajasthan and Nepal. The rabies was diagnosed in 9 cattle (4.8%), 6 buffalo
(3.2%), 4 horses (2.15%), 53 dog (28.5%), 5 wild animals (2.69%), 1 camel and 1
human.
Detection by Seller’s and by FITC
BSE surveillance: BSE surveillance in the targeted cattle population (Native-born,
crossbred and high risk cattle) was undertaken through Passive surveillance in which
trainees, students were taught about BSE / scrapie and trained for brain collection,
preservation and processing. During field visits also (outbreak investigation work,
NATP, AHIS-DMS) efforts were made to educate the field veterinarians and farmers
about BSE and to send brain samples from cattle dying of nervous signs. The active
surveillance was carried out by collecting brain samples from cattle in postmortem
room of the institute. Due to ban on cow slaughter in the UP state, brain samples
from buffaloes, sheep and goats were studied. A total of 350 brain samples were
collected/received in 10% formalin from crossbred cattle (10 PM cases), buffaloes
(315 cases from local slaughter house), sheep (10 cases; 6 cases belonged to the
institute and 4 of Rambouillet sheep of Pashulok Sheep Farm) and 5 goat. None of
these animals showed BSE / scrapie compatible neurological signs (disturbances in
behavior, sensitivity and locomotion). Two hundred seventy histological sections
involving different neuro-anatomical sites, particularly obex, caudal cerebellar
peduncle, rostral colliculi and other (spinal cord, pons, thalamus, pyriform lobe
including hippocampus, cerebellar hemisphere, and cerebellum, etc.), were screened
histopathologically for BSE / scrapie and other neurological disorders. Brain tissues
did not show any appreciable microscopic lesions. A few showed vascular congestion,
focal haemorrhage, perivascular oedema, at places focal glial cell reaction, neuronal
degeneration and few vacuoles in white matter in some cases.
PARASITOLOGY LABORATORY
PARASITOLOGY LABORATORY
Facilities Available
- Faecal Examination
- Blood Test
- Parasite Identification
- Trichomonosis
- Skin Scraping Examination
Clinical Parasitology laboratory of Parasitology Division was transferred along
with staff in CADRAD in, 1986 and was designated as Parasitology Laboratory. Various
parasitic diseases were reported including Theileriosis, Babesiosis, Trypanosomosis;
Immature Paramphistomosis, Schistosomosis, Fasciolosis; Roundworm infection, Lungworms
Haemonchosis, Hookworm and Mange, tick infestation etc. Investigation revealed that
in small ruminants Haemonchosis and large ruminants Fasciolosis and Trypanosomosis
are major problem. From wildlife samples, Fasciola jaksoni was commonly prevalent
in elephants while in tigers and leopards hookworm infection was encountered. A
total of 8974 samples including 511 preputial washing, 6474 faecal, 1790 blood smear,
136 skin scrapings and 63 specimens were analyzed / parasites identified during
1986-2006.
TOXICOLOGY LABORATORY
TOXICOLOGY LABORATORY
Facilities Available
- Aflatoxin
- Ochratoxin
- Pesticide Toxicity
- HCN Poisoning
- Nitrate/Nitrite Toxicity
- Strychnine Poisoning
Considering the importance of toxicological investigations in disease diagnosis,
Toxicology laboratory from Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, IVRI, was merged
in the Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis at time of its establishment
in 1986. Field veterinarians report mortalities and morbidity in animals due to
various factors other than specific diseases, which go undiagnosed. Toxicities /
poisoning are often associated with such mortalities and morbidity in animals. Due
to indiscriminate use of agrochemicals, increasing industrial/ environmental pollution,
poisonous plants, malicious and accidental poisoning as well as poor managemental
conditions farm and pet animals suffer from poisoning/ toxicity. These cause enormous
economical losses to country’s animal industry and exchequer, which can be prevented
by proper toxicological investigations based on the history, clinical symptoms,
treatment attempted, the post-mortem lesions and toxicological tests/ animal experimentation
data confirming the incriminating toxin using the knowledge and experience of toxicological
problem. The timely diagnosis of toxicoses in animals based on the laboratory analysis
is immensely useful in adapting ameliorative measures by specific antidotes so that
animals could be saved. By adapting preventive measures, further toxicoses in animals
can be prevented. A total of 3,574 samples from all parts of the country were received
for analysis and results were conveyed durin1986-2006.
EPIDEMIOLOGY SECTION
- Diagnosis and epidemiology of Brucellosis
- Diagnosis and epidemiology of Bordetellosis
- Diagnosis and epidemiology of Glanders
- Diagnosis of tuberculosis
- Analysis of Data
- Sero-Epidemiology
- Epidemiology of emergence of drug resistance
EPIDEMIOLOGY SECTION
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EPIDEMIOLOGY SECTION
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EPIDEMIOLOGY SECTION
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The Epidemiology Division was merged in CADRAD in the year 2004 as a Section. Facilities
are developed for rapid diagnosis and understanding epidemiology of Glanders, Bordetellosis
and Tuberculosis using conventional and PCR based methods. PCR based diagnosis for
confirmation of genus and species of Burkholderia mallei has been standardized.
Similarly, methods for isolation and characterization of Bordetella bronchiseptica
from pigs and dogs have been standardized. Genus and species specific PCR for Bordetella
bronchiseptica has already been developed. A PCR based differential diagnosis is
available for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. bovis infection.
To acquire epidemiological information about brucellosis in small ruminant in Uttar
Pradesh research is initiated. Under this project stratified random sampling will
be done and from each district five villages will be selected. From each village,
25 sera samples from sheep and goats along with their information in prescribed
proforma will be collected. During 2012-13, study will be carried out in Eastern
UP, followed by in 2013-14 and 2014-15 in Central and Western UP, respectively.
The study will also include the different small ruminant farms of the state. The
information generated at the completion of the project will be shared with State
Animal Husbandry Department along with suitable recommendations for prevention and
control of this malady.
Besides, a repository of standard strains used in day to day work as reference has
been created in the Section. Continuous work on antimicrobial sensitivity testing
of clinical and outbreak strains lead to creation of a database which may be used
in future for making general recommendations for the antibiotic prescriptions by
the veterinarians. The recent trends revealed that the following recommendations
may be useful for the veterinary practitioners.
Disease/ Pathogen
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Sensitive (>90%), May be used
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Resistant (>50%), Not to be used
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Brucellosis
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Tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, gentamicin
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Fluoroquinolones (enreoflox), azithromycin, aztreonam, doxycycline, ampicillin,
amoxycillin, amoxyclav, ampicillin+sulbactam
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Edwardsiellosis
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Azithromycin, aztreonam, ceftriaxone, fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol
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Tetracyclines, gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, ampicillin, amoxycillin, amoxyclav, ampicillin+sulbactam
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Escherichia coli
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Nitrofurantoin, gentamicin, ceftriaxone+tazatobactam, chloramphenicol, cefoperazone+sulbactam
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Tetracyclines, gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, ampicillin, amoxycillin, amoxyclav, ampicillin+sulbactam
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Klebsiella pneumoniae
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Fluoroquinolones, gentamicin, imipenem, meropenem, cefoperazone+sulbactam, ceftriaxone+tazatobactam,
aztreonam
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Azithromycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole, nitrofurantoin, ampicillin,
amoxycillin, amoxyclav, ampicillin+sulbactam
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Moraxella bovis
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Strepto-penicillin, and most of the common antibiotics
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Aztreonam, ceftazidime, cotrimoxazole
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Pasturellosis
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Tetracycline, fluoroquinolones, amoxycillin, gentamicin, ceftriaxone
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Chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole, ampicillin, amoxycillin, amoxyclav, ampicillin+sulbactam
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Salmonellosis
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Chloramphenicol, gentamicin, ceftriaxone+tazatobactam, cotrimoxazole, imipenem
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Tetracycline, nitrofurnatoin, cefoperazone+sulbactam, ampicillin, amoxycillin, ampicillin+sulbactam
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Staphylococcal infections
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Tetracycline, nitrofurantoin, chloramphenicol, amoxyclav
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Ampiclox, aztreonam, ceftazidime+clavulanic acid, amoxy+sulbactam, vancomycin,
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Streptococcal infections
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Clindamycin, gentamicin, amoxyclav, vancomycin,
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Streptopenicillin, ampicillin, fluoroquinolones, nitrufuron
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Pseudomonas infections
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No, use only after testing
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Ampicillin, Streptopenicillin tetracycline, amoxy+sulbactam
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CADRAD, being the National Referral Laboratory for Animal Disease Diagnosis is providing
diagnostic services to Department of Animal Husbandry in all the states and union
territories of India